3.13
Papers &Citations per head of population
The
Office of Science and Technology from the Science Citation Index (SCI) compiled
this data. The Institute for
Scientific Information (ISI) is part of Thomson Scientific, itself part of
Thomson Corporation. The SCI
accesses biographical information, author abstracts and cited references in
5,700 of the world's leading scholarly and technical journals covering more than
150 disciplines in over 170 countries. Data
are continuously updated: the latest three years for citations especially are
less than half the likely final totals and in order to allow for this the latest
six year interval has been selected.
3.14
Real government R&D expenditure per worker
Data
taken from the twice yearly OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators
3.15
Business spend on R&D
Data
are taken from the OECD Annual Business Enterprise R&D (ANBERD) database,
which collates the results of national R&D surveys.
4.1 Business Spend on
Innovation including R&D
Data
on innovation are taken from the second Community Innovation Survey (CIS) with
reference years 1994-96. This
provides data on the innovation activities of enterprises employing more than
ten people across most EU and some EEA countries.
The results are currently for Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, Finland, Sweden, UK and Norway. The survey covers all manufacturing industries, utilities,
transport and distribution services, telecommunications, and financial,
computing and engineering services.
International comparisons using the CIS should be treated with caution.
While the survey is designed to be consistent across countries, it is not
clear that questions have always been interpreted consistently across Member
States. Moreover some countries
have low response rates that will undermine the reliability of the sample.
4.2 UK's patenting
performance
Data
for patents granted in the US come from the US Patent and Trade Mark Office.
Data for EU patent applications are provided by the European Patent
Office.
4.3 Proportion of
firms that innovate
The
second CIS classified an enterprise as an innovator if it had introduced new or
improved products or processes between 1994 and 1996.
4.4 Share of sales
from new or improved products
The
CIS recorded, for manufacturing enterprises only, the percentage of total
turnover in 1996 due to new and improved products introduced during the previous
three years.
4.5 University
licensing, spinouts and start-ups
The
data on spinouts are taken from Higher Education Funding Council for England’s
report Industry Academic links in the UK, prepared for the Office of Science and
Technology.
4.6 Sources of
information for innovation
Data
are taken from the second CIS. The
survey asked enterprises to grade the importance of a number of sources of
information for new technological innovation projects or for the completion of
existing projects.
4.7 Joint publication
by universities and industry
The
data is taken from SPRU, UK Corporate Research and Collaboration.
4.8
Internationalisation of R&D
Data
are taken from OECD's Activity of Foreign Affiliates Database.
The geographical origin of a foreign affiliate is the country of the
parent company if it holds over 50 per cent of the affiliate's voting shares.
4.9 Technological
alliances between firms
The
source of the data is the Maastricht Economic research Institute on Innovation
and Technology (MERIT) based at the University of Maastricht. Alliances can take
a variety of forms, ranging from simple partnerships (cross licensing) to the
establishment of common research subsidiaries.
Last updated on 20 November 2003